On July 16th, 1945, during the first nuclear explosion, glasses called trinitites formed as a nuclear by-product. They cover the surface of the explosion crater. The origins of the trinitites remain debated (Bonamici et al., 2017; Eby et al., 2010). Here, a scenario on the trinitites formation is proposed based on the chemical (realized with the Camparis Electron Microprobe) and the silicon...
Nepal's seismicity has been shown to display a seasonality in its temporal distribution, associated with the yearly coming and going of the monsoon. We here investigate the seasonal nature of the East and Central seismicity between 1994 and 2014 using several declustering techniques and highlight the sensitivity of results to declustering techniques. We also probe the slope of the...
Addressing seismic hazards accurately is one of the major challenges in seismic engineering and seismology. Current analyses predominantly rely on a linear approximation. However, this approach encounters notable limitations, especially close to the surface and the fault zones where stresses and strains introduce material nonlinearity. Nonlinear soil behavior has been widely described in...
X-ray binaries are systems where a star orbits a neutron star or a stellar mass black hole. Due to the strong potential well of the black hole/neutron star, matter from the companion star is accreted onto the compact object, creating an accretion disk that radiates in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some X-ray binaries are known to eject matter perpendicularly to the...
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is poised to become a key space-based gravitational wave (GW) detector, capturing signals from various astrophysical sources, such as merging massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) and Galactic binaries (GBs). However, the presence of MBHB signals, characterized by their loud and broadband nature, poses challenges in accurately estimating the power...
The Greenland ice sheet, a critical component of the global climate system, has played a substantial role in rising sea level. Understanding the spatio-temporal changes in Greenland’s ice mass loss resulting from iceberg calving is crucial for comprehending the impacts of climate change.
The mass loss related to calving icebergs can be estimated by combining mechanical simulation of iceberg...
The purpose of this PhD thesis is to study the correlation between gamma ray sources and neutrinos in the high energy extra-galactic sky.
This is done by using advanced deep learning techniques to extract physical information about the astrophysical candidates for this study.
For now the data that have been used are the neutrino events from the Icecat-1 catalog from IceCube and the...
The objective of this research is to quantify how dust affects soil and stream chemistry in an upland watershed using experimental and modeling methods. At our field of study, a small (0.54 km$^2$) upland Mediterranean watershed located on Mont Lozère in the National Park of Les Cévennes (France), field observations of calcium in stream water, rain, bedrock, soil, and plants could not be...
The JEM-EUSO (Joint Exploratory Missions towards an Extreme Universe Space Observatory) collaboration is developing a series of balloon and orbital telescopes to detect fluorescent UV emission from the Earth atmosphere, with the primary aim to study ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) from space.
The detectors have a wide field-of-view, high temporal resolution (1-2.5 μs) and single photon...
Landslides are efficient erosion processes that release large volumes of sediments in rivers, posing threats to nearby population when remobilised during large flood events. Thus, understanding the dynamics and controls of landslides and quantifying the volumes involved in subsequent sediment transfer are crucial for resilient development in mountainous settings.
In this study, we use the...
As of today, the Hubble diagram allows to infer cosmological parameters such as the Dark Energy equation of state (w) with an accuracy reaching a few per cent. Upcoming SNIa samples with O(30,000) SNe (30 times the current worldwide statistics), will allow to reach the per cent level and start probing potential evolutions of w with the redshift. To reach this goal, an effort has to be made to...
While the isostatic compensation of crustal thickness and density heterogeneity provides the dominant contribution to Earth’s observed topography, a significant difference persists between these two fields, known as ‘residual topography’. This discrepancy arises from dynamic processes within the mantle, primarily driven by time-dependent vertical surface stresses from mantle convection. These...
Radiation damage significantly impacts the performance of silicon tracking detectors in Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments such as ATLAS and CMS, with signal reduction being the most critical effect. While adjusting sensor bias voltage and detection thresholds can help mitigate these effects, generating simulated data that accurately mirrors the performance evolution with the accumulation...
The temporal synchronism between large igneous provinces (LIP) emplacements and mass extinction all along the Phanerozoic reveals a possible link between the two. The release of huge amount of gases during the LIP emplacement is considered to cause major climate and environmental perturbations possibly leading to a biodiversity crisis. However no clear correlation can be drawn between LIP’s...
One of the major questions in climate science is to improve the accuracy of sea-level rise prediction, for which mass loss of the polar ice caps has a significant contribution. In this work, the focus is on buoyancy-dominated capsize of large icebergs.
To better quantify ice mass loss due to iceberg calving at marine terminating glaciers, coupling iceberg calving simulation and inversion of...
Heating of the neutral interstellar medium is known to partly regulate the star formation in galaxies over long time scales and large spatial scales.
While the neutral gas heating is dominated by the photoelectric effect on small dust grains around Milky Way metallicity, the lower dust-to-gas mass ratio together with the higher occurence and luminosity of X-ray sources in metal-poor galaxies...
The variety of transit times and pathways water takes from infiltration to discharge through a hillslope determines the dynamic storage of the system, the capacity for water-rock-life reactivity, and ultimately the chemical composition of streamflow. The major solute concentrations recorded in these streams are often relatively invariant across a wide range of flow rates. Stable isotope...
Silicate glasses, whether of industrial or volcanic nature are all made by cooling a high temperature melt to room temperature in a short amount of time. However, oxidoreduction reactions can occur during this quenching process, making the link between high and room temperature redox states complex. Understanding those reactions allow both to better control of the redox state of final glass,...
In the present study, we want to determine if plane tree bark can be used as an efficent passive biosensor for the detection of urban NPs. For this purpose, several observations of metallic Nps have been undertaken to determine the localization of NPs within the tree bark and chose the smartest method to extract NPs. Following these observations, many methods to degrade selectively the tree...
Numerous studies have illustrated that mineral transformations have the capability to induce faulting at elevated pressure and temperature (PT), circumstances in which ductile flow would typically dominate. This mechanism, commonly known as transformational faulting, emerges as a plausible explanation for the puzzling phenomenon of deep-focus earthquakes occurring at depths up to 700 km....
DarkSide-20k is the next generation dual-phase TPC for direct dark matter search with 50 ton underground argon target, currently under construction at LNGS (Italy). With data taking to begin in 2026, DarkSide-20k will achieve cross-section discovery sensitivity of 10$^{-47}$ cm$^2$ searching for interactions of WIMPs with 0.1 TeV/c2 mass. The sensitivity projection relies on innovative...
The distribution and behaviour of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), such as petroleum hydrocarbons, in subsurface environments are influenced by various factors, including flow and porous media characteristics. Description of the LNAPL distribution usually relies on capillary pressure and relative permeability concepts. According to the literature review, dynamic influence must be...
The understanding of the spatial-temporal distribution of past earthquakes is essential to assess the event recurrence behavior and to estimate the size of potential earthquakes along major strike-slip fault systems. However, the scarcity of paleoseismic data remains a major hurdle in this endeavor. We document a paleoseismic record over the last 8kyr along the central-eastern Altyn Tagh Fault...
In 2016, a new term spread through newspapers with the first detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO detectors. In addition to further proving the theory of General Relativity postulated by Albert Einstein one hundred years prior, this discovery paved the way for a completely new method of observing the Universe. Due to their nature, gravitational waves cannot be blocked by dust or...
Chemical weathering, which involves the breakdown of primary minerals in rocks and the formation of secondary minerals like clay and iron oxides, is a crucial process in the Critical Zone (CZ). It contributes to soil formation, nutrient supply to ecosystems, and the regulation of the long-term carbon cycle. Despite its importance, understanding the complex interplay of climatic, geological,...
During its formation 4.56 billion years ago, the Earth’s mantle was extensively molten mainly due to the heat released through collisions (Tonks & Melosh, 1993). In particular, the last giant impact that formed the Moon gave rise to a global magma ocean that could have reached the core mantle boundary (Canup, 2004, 2008; Piet et al., 2017). After what, the planet progressively cooled down and...
Les composés per et polyfluoroalkyles (PFAS) font référence à une classe de substances
chimiques qui contiennent des atomes de carbone liés à des atomes de fluor. C’est une famille de plusieurs milliers de substances inconnues qui limite la compréhension de leur devenir dans
l’environnement [1-2] Les précurseurs oxydables sont des composés chimiques qui peuvent être ...
Persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) result in diffuse pollution.
To address this issue, Trang et al. investigated a low-temperature degradation (80-120°C) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (at 36 g/L) using a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), NaOH (30/1 NaOH/PFOA molar ratio) and milli-Q water (8/1 DMSO/water volume ratio). We explored a more practical degradation...
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in all the Earth’s surface and sub-surface environments. To date, their number is estimated at ~10^30 cells, which is considerable compared to the number of stars ~10^21 currently known to exist in galaxies in the universe. On Earth, prokaryotes alone account for ~15% of total biomass. Microorganisms are then considered as a major environmental compartment. They...
Monitoring the activity of volcanic edifices is central to the mitigation of volcanic risks and hazards. It implies to monitor and analyse multivariate data which can have complex natures and behaviours. Consequently, observatories need to communicate about the state of the volcano in understanding terms for the population and the decision-makers. The difficult task of analysing large amounts...
Since its discovery in 1965, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has become one of the main cosmological probes for studying the Universe. The CMB is a major piece of evidence in favor of a "hot Big Bang" model, and it has provided us with very precise measurements of the parameters of the standard cosmological model, in particular thanks to ESA's Planck satellite. However, questions remain...
KM3NeT/ORCA is a large-volume water-Cherenkov neutrino telescope, currently under construction
at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea at a depth of 2450 meters. The main goal of this experiment is to
determine the neutrino mass ordering as well as measuring atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters. Beyond
these goals, the detector also exhibits sensitivity to diverse phenomena such as...
