%====================================================================%
%                  MORIOND.TEX                                       %
% This latex file rewritten from various sources for use in the      %
% preparation of the standard proceedings Volume, latest version     %
% for the Neutrino'96 Helsinki conference proceedings                %
% by Susan Hezlet with acknowledgments to Lukas Nellen.              %
% Some changes are due to David Cassel.                              %
%====================================================================%

%\documentstyle[11pt,moriond,epsfig]{article}
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{moriond,epsfig}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}    
% for BibTeX - sorted numerical labels by order of
% first citation.

% A useful Journal macro
\def\Journal#1#2#3#4{{#1} {\bf #2}, #3 (#4)}

% Some useful journal names
\def\NCA{\em Nuovo Cimento}
\def\NIM{\em Nucl. Instrum. Methods}
\def\NIMA{{\em Nucl. Instrum. Methods} A}
\def\NPB{{\em Nucl. Phys.} B}
\def\PLB{{\em Phys. Lett.}  B}
\def\PRL{\em Phys. Rev. Lett.}
\def\PRD{{\em Phys. Rev.} D}
\def\ZPC{{\em Z. Phys.} C}

% Some other macros used in the sample text
\def\st{\scriptstyle}
\def\sst{\scriptscriptstyle}
\def\mco{\multicolumn}
\def\epp{\epsilon^{\prime}}
\def\vep{\varepsilon}
\def\ra{\rightarrow}
\def\ppg{\pi^+\pi^-\gamma}
\def\vp{{\bf p}}
\def\ko{K^0}
\def\kb{\bar{K^0}}
\def\al{\alpha}
\def\ab{\bar{\alpha}}
\def\be{\begin{equation}}
\def\ee{\end{equation}}
\def\bea{\begin{eqnarray}}
\def\eea{\end{eqnarray}}
\def\CPbar{\hbox{{\rm CP}\hskip-1.80em{/}}}
%temp replacement due to no font
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%                                                %
%    BEGINNING OF TEXT                           %
%                                                %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}
\vspace*{4cm}
\title{ON THE POTENTIAL OF MINIMAL FLAVOUR VIOLATION}

\author{Rodrigo Alonso}

\address{
Departamento de F\'isica Te\'orica, Universidad Aut\'onoma de Madrid \& \\
Instituto de F\'isica Te\'orica IFT-UAM/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain}

\maketitle\abstracts{Within the scheme of Minimal Flavour Violation, the possibility of
 spontaneous flavour symmetry breaking is explored by analyzing the scalar potential compatible with
 the symmetries.
 In this setup the Yukawa couplings arise from the vacuum expectation value (vev) of fields that transform under the flavour group. The outcome of the analysis of the potential depends much, especially
 for the mixing angles, on the field content.
}

\section{Minimal Flavour Violation}
The hypothesis of Minimal Flavour Violation~\cite{DGISMFV} (MFV) accounts for the suppression of flavour
changing neutral currents as well as for CP violating processes in any theory beyond the Standard Model. 
The reason for the flavour alignment of all processes is, in this hypothesis, assumed to
stem in an underlying symmetry. In the limit of vanishing Yukawa couplings the quark sector of the Standard
Model presents and extended symmetry group that is, aside from $U(1)$ factors:
\be
\mathcal{G}_F \equiv SU(3)_{Q_L}\times SU(3)_{U_R}\times SU(3)_{D_R}\,.
\ee
Under this group the left-handed quark doublet $Q_L$ would transform as $(3,1,1)$, the right-handed 
up-type quarks $U_R$ as $(1,3,1)$
and the right-handed down type quarks $D_R$ as $(1,1,3)$.
This symmetry is assumed to be an exact symmetry at some high scale ($\Lambda_{fl}\gg v$).
The introduction of the Yukawa couplings must then be accompanied by the assignment of transformation
properties under $\mathcal{G}_F$, such that the Yukawa interaction is made invariant,
\be
 \mathscr{L}_Y=\overline{Q}_LY_DD_RH+\overline{Q}_LY_UU_R\tilde{H}+h.c.\;,
\qquad
 Y_U\sim(3,\overline{3},1)\;,\qquad
 Y_D\sim(3,1,\overline{3})\;.
\ee
Besides the flavour symmetry proposed, the other assumption of MFV is that these are the only flavour carrying structures. 
With this hypothesis, any operator arising from new physics in an effective Lagrangian
formalism with the Standard Model fields has it's flavour structure determined by the imposition of invariance under $\mathcal{G}_F$,
which is achieved by the proper insertion of Yukawa couplings.

\section{The dynamical origin of MFV}\label{subsec:prod}
Through all this reasoning there is the implicit assumption of a dynamical origin of these Yukawa couplings. 
The first consequence of exploring this assumption seriously is regarding the Yukawa interaction as an effective
one~\cite{ours} involving flavons, that is, the fields whose vevs will fix the Yukawa couplings. The immediate extension is a
 dimension 5 \textit{Yukawa operator}:
 \be
 \mathscr{L}_Y=\overline{Q}_L\frac{\Sigma_d}{\Lambda_{fl}}D_RH+\overline{Q}_L\frac{\Sigma_u}{\Lambda_{fl}}U_R\tilde{H}+h.c.\;,
 \qquad  \Sigma_u\sim(3,\overline{3},1)\;,\qquad  \Sigma_d\sim(3,1,\overline{3})\;.
 \label{eqdim5}
 \ee
The transformation properties are fixed by the imposition of invariance under $\mathcal{G}_F$,
 and therefore the $\Sigma$ scalar fields transform as \textit{bi-fundamental}  representations.
  From an effective Lagrangian point of
view the next possibility is a dimension 6 \textit{Yukawa operator},
  \be
\begin{gathered}
\mathscr{L}_{Y_D}=\overline{Q}_L\frac{\chi_d^L\chi_d^{R\dagger}}{\Lambda_{fl}^2}D_RH+h.c.\,,\qquad\qquad
 \chi_d^L\sim(3,1,1)\,, \qquad \chi_d^R\sim(1,1,3)\,,\\
\mathscr{L}_{Y_U}=\overline{Q}_L\frac{\chi_u^L\chi_u^{R\dagger}}
{\Lambda_{fl}^2}U_R\tilde{H}+h.c.\,,\qquad\qquad 
\chi_u^L\sim(3,1,1)\,, \qquad \chi_u^R\sim(1,3,1)\,.
\end{gathered}
\ee
The scalar fields $\chi$ transform as \textit{fundamental} representations. The dimension 7 operator could contain a fermion 
condensate as Georgi and Chivukula suggested~\cite{CG} but here only the two first cases will be discussed.

The scalar fields must acquire a vev through a scalar potential, and such potential must be invariant under $\mathcal{G}_F$ 
transformations. The discussion is now turned to whether a general scalar potential invariant under $\mathcal{G}_F$ will naturally fix the 
actual masses and mixing angles.

\subsection{Dimension 5 Yukawa Operator}
The construction of an invariant scalar potential for the fields $\Sigma$ requires first the identification of the invariant
magnitudes that can be constructed with the fields. Such a list was first made by Feldmann \textit{et al.}~\cite{Feldmann:2009dc}, here we use a different 
notation:
 \be
\begin{align}
A_u=\mbox{tr}\left(\Sigma_u\Sigma_u^\dagger\right)\,, & \qquad
B_u=\det\left(\Sigma_u\right)\,, \\
A_d=\mbox{tr}\left(\Sigma_d\Sigma_d^\dagger\right)\,, & \qquad
B_d=\det\left(\Sigma_d\right)\,, \\
A_{uu}=\mbox{tr}\left(\Sigma_u\Sigma_u^\dagger\Sigma_u\Sigma_u^\dagger\right)\,, & \qquad
A_{dd}=\mbox{tr}\left(\Sigma_d\Sigma_d^\dagger\Sigma_d\Sigma_d^\dagger\right)\,, \\
A_{ud}=\mbox{tr}\left(\Sigma_u\Sigma_u^\dagger\Sigma_d\Sigma_d^\dagger\right)\,.&
\end{align}
\label{eqdim5inv}
\ee
The potential then has the form, for the three family case and to the renormalizable level,
\be
V^{(4)}\left(\Sigma\right)=\sum_{i=u,d}\left(-\mu_i^2A_i+\tilde{\mu}_iB_i+\lambda_iA_i^2+\lambda'_iA_{ii} \right)+g_{ud}A_uA_d + 
\lambda_{ud}A_{ud}\,.
\label{pot5dim}
\ee
As the vevs of the $\Sigma$ fields are related to quark masses and mixing through Eq.~\ref{eqdim5} ,
\be
\frac{\left\langle \Sigma_u\right\rangle}{\Lambda_{fl}}=Y_U=V_{CKM}^\dagger\cdot Diag\left(y_u,y_c,y_t\right)\,, \qquad
\frac{\left\langle \Sigma_d\right\rangle}{\Lambda_{fl}}=Y_D=Diag\left(y_d,y_s,y_b\right)\,,
\ee
substitution of these relations in  Eq.~\ref{eqdim5inv} allows for the analysis of the potential as a function of quark masses and 
mixing parameters.

The study of the potential in Eq.~\ref{pot5dim} reveals that the complete pattern of masses and mixing angles cannot arise for any
value of the potential parameters; one massive quark per sector and no mixing is the closest to the actual values achievable at this 
level. For the two family case a renormalizable potential can yield the hierarchy $y_u-y_c$ and $y_d-y_s$ for a certain set of 
 fine-tuned parameters but again no non-zero angle is obtained. To obtain nonzero angles one can go to the non-renormalizable level,
as, after all, ours is an effective Lagrangian with cut-off $\Lambda_{fl}$.
 To illustrate how to fix the Cabibbo angle to it's actual value through a non-renormalizable potential, let's examine the angle 
 dependence of the potential at the renormalizable level for two families:
\be
V^{(4)}_{\theta_c}\equiv\lambda_{ud}A_{ud}= \lambda_{ud}\Lambda_{fl}^4\left(\cos{2\theta_c}
\left(y_c^2-y_u^2\right)\left(y_s^2-y_d^2\right)+
        \left(y_c^2+y_u^2\right)\left(y_s^2+y_d^2\right)\right)/2\,,
\ee
This term, regarded as a potential for $\theta_c$, will have it's minimum at either $\theta_c=0$ or $\theta_c=\pi/2$, so some
different dependence on $\theta_c$ must be added for nonzero angle. The next relevant term appearing in the series of increasing 
dimension invariants depending on $\theta_c$ is $A_{ud}^2$. With these two terms one can construct a 'mexican hat' ,
$V^{(8)}\supset \lambda_{ud} A_{ud}+\lambda_{udud}A_{ud}^2/\Lambda_{fl}^4\sim\lambda_{udud}(A_{ud}-\alpha)^2/\Lambda_{fl}^4$ 
that will fix the Cabibbo angle to the experimental value provided the fine tunned ratio $\lambda_{ud}/\lambda_{udud}\sim10^{-10}$.  
This type of fine-tuning illustrates the difficulty within this approach for obtaining the actual masses and mixing parameters.
\subsection{Dimension 6 Yukawa Operator}
This case requires careful connection of the vev of the fields with the Yukawa couplings,
\be
\frac{\left\langle \chi_u^L\right\rangle\left\langle \chi_u^{R\dagger}\right\rangle}{\Lambda_{fl}^2}=Y_U \,,
\qquad \qquad \frac{\left\langle\chi_d^L\right\rangle\left\langle\chi_d^{R\dagger}\right\rangle}{\Lambda_{fl}^2}=Y_D\,.
\ee
The structure on the left of each term is not a general mass matrix but one composed of two 'vectors'. One finds the result of this fact by looking at the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
\be
Y_U Y_U^\dagger=\frac{\left\langle\chi_u^{R\dagger} \chi_u^R\right\rangle}{\Lambda_{fl}^4}\left\langle \chi_u^L\right\rangle
\left\langle \chi_u^{L\dagger}\right\rangle\,.
\label{eqdim6diag}
\ee
The matrix structure is given only by the flavon $\chi_u^L$, and has an immediate diagonalization;
$\chi_u^L$ is the only eigenvector with non-zero eigenvalue, such eigenvalue being
\be y_{u_i}^2\equiv\left\langle\chi_u^{L\dagger}\chi_u^L
\right\rangle\left\langle\chi_u^{R\dagger}\chi_u^R\right\rangle/\Lambda_{fl}^4\,,
\ee
where $y_{u_i}$ is the only nonzero up-type Yukawa entry in this approach.
The mixing then arises as the misalignment when diagonalizing both $Y_UY_U^\dagger$ and $Y_DY_D^\dagger$. Such misalignment is just
the relative direction between $\chi_u^L$ and $\chi_d^L$, but as we are talking of two 'vectors' this magnitude is described by one relative
 angle, which means there is one physical angle only in this scheme; 
\be
\cos\theta=\frac{\left\langle\chi_u^{L\dagger}\chi_d^L\right\rangle}{\left|\chi_u^L\right|\left|\chi_d^L\right|}\,,
\ee
where $\left|\chi_u^L\right|^2\equiv\left\langle\chi_u^{L\dagger}\chi_u^L\right\rangle$.
Once made the connection with masses and mixing angles we turn to constructing the potential.
All the magnitudes related to masses and mixing angles have expressions in terms of the vevs of the only five possible
 $\mathcal{G}_F$ invariants:
\be
\begin{gathered}
X^2\equiv\left(\chi_u^{L\dagger}\chi_u^L\,\,,\,\chi_d^{L\dagger}\chi_d^L\,\,,\,\chi_u^{R\dagger}\chi_u^R\,\,,\,\chi_d^{R\dagger}\chi_d^R\,\,,\,\chi_d^{L\dagger}\chi_u^L\right)^T\,.
\end{gathered}
\ee
The potential to the renormalizable level will be the sum of a linear combination of these invariants
and products of two of these invariants. This can be formally written:
\be
V^{(4)}\left(\chi\right)=-\mu^2 \cdot X^2+\left(X^2\right)^\dagger\lambda \,X^2  \,.
\ee
In a first approach we neglect any CP violation effect and chose real parameters, 
$\mu^2$ is an array of 5 real components and $\lambda$ a symmetric matrix
\footnote{The indices of $\lambda$ and $\mu^2$ run over the five values \{$uL$,$dL$,$uR$,$dR$,$ud$\}.}. The minimum of this potential
is then:
\be
\left\langle X^2 \right\rangle=\frac{1}{2}\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\,,
\ee
provided that $\lambda$ is invertible.
This approach naturally accommodates the angle as it's expression in terms of the potential parameters
 involves the ratio of linear combinations of the entries of $\mu^2$ given by
 $\lambda^{-1}$, which is naturally of $\mathcal{O}(1)$. For definiteness let us take the two family case, although the discussion
 this far is independent of the number of generations, and write explicitly:
\be
\begin{gathered}
y_c^2=\frac{1}{4\Lambda_{fl}^4}\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{uL}\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{uR}\,,\qquad \,
y_s^2=\frac{1}{4\Lambda_{fl}^4}\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{dL}\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{dR}\,,\\
\cos\theta_c=\frac{\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{ud}}{\sqrt{\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{dL}\left(\lambda^{-1}\mu^2\right)_{uL}}}\,.
\end{gathered}
\ee

\section{Conclusions}
Here the possibility of spontaneous breaking of the flavour symmetry regarded in MFV was considered. In such framework, the Yukawa couplings are fixed by the vev of flavour-carrying fields.
The analysis of the potential leading to spontaneous flavour symmetry breaking differs for the field content and therefore 
the group representation on which the scalar fields are placed. The choice of a dimension 5 Yukawa operator, that is, the
introduction of scalar fields transforming in bi-fundamental representations, does not allow for mixing among quarks at the 
renormalizable and classical level, it can accommodate the actual hierarchy of masses in the two family case and only a partial hierarchy 
for the three family case. The introduction of fundamental fields through a dimension 6 Yukawa operator allows for natural mixing among 
quarks and imposes the strong hierarchy of one massive quark only per up and down sector at the classical and renormalizable level. 
Although a dimension 6 Yukawa operator is better suited to accommodate the experimental data,
 none of the approaches gives the complete picture of masses and mixing angles. Such complete landscape could arise from the
simultaneous consideration of both operators or addition of more scalar fields. 
Overall, it is remarkable that the requirement of invariance under the flavour symmetry
strongly constrains the scalar potential of MFV, up to the point that the obtention of quark
mass hierarchies and mixing angles is far from trivial.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
R. Alonso acknowledges M. B. Gavela, L. Merlo and S. Rigolin with whom this study was carried.
R. Alonso acknowledges CICYT through the project FPA2009-09017, CAM through the
project HEPHACOS, P-ESP-00346 and financial support from the
MICINN grant BES-2010-037869. 
 


\section*{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{DGISMFV}
G.~D'Ambrosio, G.~Giudice, G.~Isidori, and A.~Strumia, Nucl. Phys. {\bf B645}
  {(2002)} 155--187 {[arXiv:hep-ph/0207036]}.

\bibitem{CG}
R.~S. Chivukula and H.~Georgi, Phys. Lett. {\bf B188} {(1987)} 99.

\bibitem{Feldmann:2009dc}
  T.~Feldmann, M.~Jung, T.~Mannel,
  %``Sequential Flavour Symmetry Breaking,''
  Phys.\ Rev.\  {\bf D80 } (2009)  033003.
  [arXiv:0906.1523 [hep-ph]].
\bibitem{ours}
  R.~Alonso, M.~B.~Gavela, L.~Merlo, S.~Rigolin, \textit{On The Potential of Minimal Flavour
Violation}, [arXiv:1103.2915 [hep-ph]].

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% End of moriond.tex  %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


%%% Local Variables: 
%%% mode: latex
%%% TeX-master: t
%%% End: 

%%% Local Variables: 
%%% mode: latex
%%% TeX-master: t
%%% End: 

%%% Local Variables: 
%%% mode: latex
%%% TeX-master: t
%%% End: 
